When catatonia is associated with schizophrenia, stupor may continue for long periods of time as compared to schizophrenia associated with other psychiatric conditions, where there are likely to be lengthy remissions. Other common symptoms include rigidity and automatic obedience. These symptoms include dystonia (continuous spasms and muscle contractions), akathisia (motor restlessness), parkinsonism (characteristic symptoms such as rigidity), bradykinesia (slowness of movement), tremor, and tardive dyskinesia (irregular, jerky movements). Echopraxia (repeating others’ movements).Agitation (for no reason), grimacing (distorted facial expressions).Stereotypy (frequent repetitive movements for no reason).Mannerisms (extreme or odd movements and mannerisms).Posturing (holding a posture or position that goes against gravity).Waxy flexibility (body remains in whatever position it is placed by another).Mutism (little to no verbal communication).Stupor (oblivious inability to move or respond to stimuli), catalepsy (rigid body posture).According to the DSM-5, at least three out of twelve symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of catatonia.
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